Linear Algebra Examples

$[\begin{array}{c} a^{2} & b^{2} & c^{2} \\ b c & a c & a b \\ a - b - c & b - a - c & c - a - b \end{array}]$

Step 1

Choose the row or column with the most $0$ elements. If there are no $0$ elements choose any row or column. Multiply every element in row $1$ by its cofactor and add.

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Step 1.1

Consider the corresponding sign chart.

$| \begin{array}{c} + & - & + \\ - & + & - \\ + & - & + \end{array} |$

Step 1.2

The cofactor is the minor with the sign changed if the indices match a $-$ position on the sign chart.

Step 1.3

The minor for $a_{11}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $1$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} a c & a b \\ b - a - c & c - a - b \end{array} |$

Step 1.4

Multiply element $a_{11}$ by its cofactor.

$a^{2} | \begin{array}{c} a c & a b \\ b - a - c & c - a - b \end{array} |$

Step 1.5

The minor for $a_{12}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $2$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} |$

Step 1.6

Multiply element $a_{12}$ by its cofactor.

$- b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} |$

Step 1.7

The minor for $a_{13}$ is the determinant with row $1$ and column $3$ deleted.

$| \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 1.8

Multiply element $a_{13}$ by its cofactor.

$c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 1.9

Add the terms together.

$a^{2} | \begin{array}{c} a c & a b \\ b - a - c & c - a - b \end{array} | - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} a c & a b \\ b - a - c & c - a - b \end{array} |$ .

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Step 2.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$a^{2} (a c (c - a - b) - (b - a - c) (a b)) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 2.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 2.2.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$a^{2} (a c \cdot c + a c (- a) + a c (- b) - (b - a - c) (a b)) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.1.2

Simplify.

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Step 2.2.1.2.1

Multiply $c$ by $c$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.2.1.2.1.1

Move $c$ .

$a^{2} (a (c \cdot c) + a c (- a) + a c (- b) - (b - a - c) (a b)) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.1.2.1.2

Multiply $c$ by $c$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} + a c (- a) + a c (- b) - (b - a - c) (a b)) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.1.2.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a c a + a c (- b) - (b - a - c) (a b)) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.1.2.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a c a - a c b - (b - a - c) (a b)) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.1.3

Multiply $a$ by $a$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.2.1.3.1

Move $a$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - (a \cdot a) c - a c b - (b - a - c) (a b)) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.1.3.2

Multiply $a$ by $a$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - a c b - (b - a - c) (a b)) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.1.4

Apply the distributive property.

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - a c b + (- b - - a - - c) (a b)) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.1.5

Simplify.

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Step 2.2.1.5.1

Multiply $- - a$ .

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Step 2.2.1.5.1.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - a c b + (- b + 1 a - - c) (a b)) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.1.5.1.2

Multiply $a$ by $1$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - a c b + (- b + a - - c) (a b)) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.1.5.2

Multiply $- - c$ .

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Step 2.2.1.5.2.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - a c b + (- b + a + 1 c) (a b)) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.1.5.2.2

Multiply $c$ by $1$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - a c b + (- b + a + c) (a b)) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.1.6

Apply the distributive property.

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - a c b - b (a b) + a (a b) + c (a b)) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.1.7

Simplify.

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Step 2.2.1.7.1

Multiply $b$ by $b$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.2.1.7.1.1

Move $b$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - a c b - (b \cdot b) a + a (a b) + c (a b)) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.1.7.1.2

Multiply $b$ by $b$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - a c b - b^{2} a + a (a b) + c (a b)) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.1.7.2

Multiply $a$ by $a$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 2.2.1.7.2.1

Move $a$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - a c b - b^{2} a + a \cdot a b + c (a b)) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.1.7.2.2

Multiply $a$ by $a$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - a c b - b^{2} a + a^{2} b + c (a b)) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - a c b - b^{2} a + a^{2} b + c a b) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.2

Combine the opposite terms in $a c^{2} - a^{2} c - a c b - b^{2} a + a^{2} b + c a b$ .

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Step 2.2.2.1

Reorder the factors in the terms $- a c b$ and $c a b$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - a b c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b + a b c) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.2.2

Add $- a b c$ and $a b c$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b + 0) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 2.2.2.3

Add $a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b$ and $0$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} | + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} b c & a b \\ a - b - c & c - a - b \end{array} |$ .

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Step 3.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c (c - a - b) - (a - b - c) (a b)) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 3.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 3.2.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c \cdot c + b c (- a) + b c (- b) - (a - b - c) (a b)) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.1.2

Simplify.

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Step 3.2.1.2.1

Multiply $c$ by $c$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.2.1.1

Move $c$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b (c \cdot c) + b c (- a) + b c (- b) - (a - b - c) (a b)) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.1.2.1.2

Multiply $c$ by $c$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} + b c (- a) + b c (- b) - (a - b - c) (a b)) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.1.2.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b c a + b c (- b) - (a - b - c) (a b)) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.1.2.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b c a - b c b - (a - b - c) (a b)) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.1.3

Multiply $b$ by $b$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.3.1

Move $b$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b c a - (b \cdot b) c - (a - b - c) (a b)) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.1.3.2

Multiply $b$ by $b$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b c a - b^{2} c - (a - b - c) (a b)) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.1.4

Apply the distributive property.

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b c a - b^{2} c + (- a - - b - - c) (a b)) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.1.5

Simplify.

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Step 3.2.1.5.1

Multiply $- - b$ .

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Step 3.2.1.5.1.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b c a - b^{2} c + (- a + 1 b - - c) (a b)) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.1.5.1.2

Multiply $b$ by $1$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b c a - b^{2} c + (- a + b - - c) (a b)) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.1.5.2

Multiply $- - c$ .

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Step 3.2.1.5.2.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b c a - b^{2} c + (- a + b + 1 c) (a b)) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.1.5.2.2

Multiply $c$ by $1$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b c a - b^{2} c + (- a + b + c) (a b)) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.1.6

Apply the distributive property.

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b c a - b^{2} c - a (a b) + b (a b) + c (a b)) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.1.7

Simplify.

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Step 3.2.1.7.1

Multiply $a$ by $a$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.7.1.1

Move $a$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b c a - b^{2} c - (a \cdot a) b + b (a b) + c (a b)) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.1.7.1.2

Multiply $a$ by $a$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b c a - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b (a b) + c (a b)) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.1.7.2

Multiply $b$ by $b$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 3.2.1.7.2.1

Move $b$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b c a - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b \cdot b a + c (a b)) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.1.7.2.2

Multiply $b$ by $b$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b c a - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a + c (a b)) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b c a - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a + c a b) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.2

Combine the opposite terms in $b c^{2} - b c a - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a + c a b$ .

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Step 3.2.2.1

Reorder the factors in the terms $- b c a$ and $c a b$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - a b c - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a + a b c) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.2.2

Add $- a b c$ and $a b c$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a + 0) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 3.2.2.3

Add $b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a$ and $0$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} | \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$

Step 4

Evaluate $| \begin{array}{c} b c & a c \\ a - b - c & b - a - c \end{array} |$ .

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Step 4.1

The determinant of a $2 \times 2$ matrix can be found using the formula $| \begin{array}{c} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} | = a d - c b$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b c (b - a - c) - (a - b - c) (a c))$

Step 4.2

Simplify the determinant.

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Step 4.2.1

Simplify each term.

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Step 4.2.1.1

Apply the distributive property.

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b c b + b c (- a) + b c (- c) - (a - b - c) (a c))$

Step 4.2.1.2

Simplify.

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Step 4.2.1.2.1

Multiply $b$ by $b$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.2.1.2.1.1

Move $b$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b \cdot b c + b c (- a) + b c (- c) - (a - b - c) (a c))$

Step 4.2.1.2.1.2

Multiply $b$ by $b$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c + b c (- a) + b c (- c) - (a - b - c) (a c))$

Step 4.2.1.2.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c a + b c (- c) - (a - b - c) (a c))$

Step 4.2.1.2.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c a - b c \cdot c - (a - b - c) (a c))$

Step 4.2.1.3

Multiply $c$ by $c$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.2.1.3.1

Move $c$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c a - b (c \cdot c) - (a - b - c) (a c))$

Step 4.2.1.3.2

Multiply $c$ by $c$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c a - b c^{2} - (a - b - c) (a c))$

Step 4.2.1.4

Apply the distributive property.

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c a - b c^{2} + (- a - - b - - c) (a c))$

Step 4.2.1.5

Simplify.

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Step 4.2.1.5.1

Multiply $- - b$ .

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Step 4.2.1.5.1.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c a - b c^{2} + (- a + 1 b - - c) (a c))$

Step 4.2.1.5.1.2

Multiply $b$ by $1$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c a - b c^{2} + (- a + b - - c) (a c))$

Step 4.2.1.5.2

Multiply $- - c$ .

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Step 4.2.1.5.2.1

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c a - b c^{2} + (- a + b + 1 c) (a c))$

Step 4.2.1.5.2.2

Multiply $c$ by $1$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c a - b c^{2} + (- a + b + c) (a c))$

Step 4.2.1.6

Apply the distributive property.

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c a - b c^{2} - a (a c) + b (a c) + c (a c))$

Step 4.2.1.7

Simplify.

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Step 4.2.1.7.1

Multiply $a$ by $a$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.2.1.7.1.1

Move $a$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c a - b c^{2} - (a \cdot a) c + b (a c) + c (a c))$

Step 4.2.1.7.1.2

Multiply $a$ by $a$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c a - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + b (a c) + c (a c))$

Step 4.2.1.7.2

Multiply $c$ by $c$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 4.2.1.7.2.1

Move $c$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c a - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + b a c + c \cdot c a)$

Step 4.2.1.7.2.2

Multiply $c$ by $c$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c a - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + b a c + c^{2} a)$

Step 4.2.2

Combine the opposite terms in $b^{2} c - b c a - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + b a c + c^{2} a$ .

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Step 4.2.2.1

Reorder the factors in the terms $- b c a$ and $b a c$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - a b c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + a b c + c^{2} a)$

Step 4.2.2.2

Add $- a b c$ and $a b c$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + 0 + c^{2} a)$

Step 4.2.2.3

Add $b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c$ and $0$ .

$a^{2} (a c^{2} - a^{2} c - b^{2} a + a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.1

Apply the distributive property.

$a^{2} (a c^{2}) + a^{2} (- a^{2} c) + a^{2} (- b^{2} a) + a^{2} (a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.2

Simplify.

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Step 5.2.1

Multiply $a^{2}$ by $a$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.2.1.1

Move $a$ .

$a \cdot a^{2} c^{2} + a^{2} (- a^{2} c) + a^{2} (- b^{2} a) + a^{2} (a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.2.1.2

Multiply $a$ by $a^{2}$ .

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Step 5.2.1.2.1

Raise $a$ to the power of $1$ .

$a^{1} a^{2} c^{2} + a^{2} (- a^{2} c) + a^{2} (- b^{2} a) + a^{2} (a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.2.1.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$a^{1 + 2} c^{2} + a^{2} (- a^{2} c) + a^{2} (- b^{2} a) + a^{2} (a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.2.1.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} + a^{2} (- a^{2} c) + a^{2} (- b^{2} a) + a^{2} (a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.2.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{2} (a^{2} c) + a^{2} (- b^{2} a) + a^{2} (a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.2.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{2} (a^{2} c) - a^{2} (b^{2} a) + a^{2} (a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.2.4

Multiply $a^{2}$ by $a^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.2.4.1

Move $a^{2}$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{2} (a^{2} c) - a^{2} (b^{2} a) + a^{2} a^{2} b - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.2.4.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{2} (a^{2} c) - a^{2} (b^{2} a) + a^{2 + 2} b - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.2.4.3

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{2} (a^{2} c) - a^{2} (b^{2} a) + a^{4} b - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.3

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.3.1

Multiply $a^{2}$ by $a^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.3.1.1

Move $a^{2}$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - (a^{2} a^{2}) c - a^{2} (b^{2} a) + a^{4} b - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.3.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{2 + 2} c - a^{2} (b^{2} a) + a^{4} b - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.3.1.3

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{2} (b^{2} a) + a^{4} b - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.3.2

Multiply $a^{2}$ by $a$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.3.2.1

Move $a$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - (a \cdot a^{2}) b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.3.2.2

Multiply $a$ by $a^{2}$ .

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Step 5.3.2.2.1

Raise $a$ to the power of $1$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - (a^{1} a^{2}) b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.3.2.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{1 + 2} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.3.2.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{2} (b c^{2} - b^{2} c - a^{2} b + b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.4

Apply the distributive property.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{2} (b c^{2}) - b^{2} (- b^{2} c) - b^{2} (- a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.5

Simplify.

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Step 5.5.1

Multiply $b^{2}$ by $b$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.5.1.1

Move $b$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - (b \cdot b^{2}) c^{2} - b^{2} (- b^{2} c) - b^{2} (- a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.5.1.2

Multiply $b$ by $b^{2}$ .

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Step 5.5.1.2.1

Raise $b$ to the power of $1$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - (b^{1} b^{2}) c^{2} - b^{2} (- b^{2} c) - b^{2} (- a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.5.1.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{1 + 2} c^{2} - b^{2} (- b^{2} c) - b^{2} (- a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.5.1.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} - b^{2} (- b^{2} c) - b^{2} (- a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.5.2

Multiply $b^{2}$ by $b^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.5.2.1

Move $b^{2}$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} - (b^{2} b^{2}) (- c) - b^{2} (- a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.5.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} - b^{2 + 2} (- c) - b^{2} (- a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.5.2.3

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} - b^{4} (- c) - b^{2} (- a^{2} b) - b^{2} (b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.5.3

Multiply $b^{2}$ by $b$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.5.3.1

Move $b$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} - b^{4} (- c) - (b \cdot b^{2}) (- a^{2}) - b^{2} (b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.5.3.2

Multiply $b$ by $b^{2}$ .

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Step 5.5.3.2.1

Raise $b$ to the power of $1$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} - b^{4} (- c) - (b^{1} b^{2}) (- a^{2}) - b^{2} (b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.5.3.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} - b^{4} (- c) - b^{1 + 2} (- a^{2}) - b^{2} (b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.5.3.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} - b^{4} (- c) - b^{3} (- a^{2}) - b^{2} (b^{2} a) + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.5.4

Multiply $b^{2}$ by $b^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.5.4.1

Move $b^{2}$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} - b^{4} (- c) - b^{3} (- a^{2}) - (b^{2} b^{2}) a + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.5.4.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} - b^{4} (- c) - b^{3} (- a^{2}) - b^{2 + 2} a + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.5.4.3

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} - b^{4} (- c) - b^{3} (- a^{2}) - b^{4} a + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.6

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.6.1

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} - 1 \cdot - 1 b^{4} c - b^{3} (- a^{2}) - b^{4} a + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.6.2

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + 1 b^{4} c - b^{3} (- a^{2}) - b^{4} a + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.6.3

Multiply $b^{4}$ by $1$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c - b^{3} (- a^{2}) - b^{4} a + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.6.4

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c - 1 \cdot - 1 b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.6.5

Multiply $- 1$ by $- 1$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + 1 b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.6.6

Multiply $b^{3}$ by $1$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{2} (b^{2} c - b c^{2} - a^{2} c + c^{2} a)$

Step 5.7

Apply the distributive property.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{2} (b^{2} c) + c^{2} (- b c^{2}) + c^{2} (- a^{2} c) + c^{2} (c^{2} a)$

Step 5.8

Simplify.

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Step 5.8.1

Multiply $c^{2}$ by $c$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.8.1.1

Move $c$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c \cdot c^{2} b^{2} + c^{2} (- b c^{2}) + c^{2} (- a^{2} c) + c^{2} (c^{2} a)$

Step 5.8.1.2

Multiply $c$ by $c^{2}$ .

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Step 5.8.1.2.1

Raise $c$ to the power of $1$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{1} c^{2} b^{2} + c^{2} (- b c^{2}) + c^{2} (- a^{2} c) + c^{2} (c^{2} a)$

Step 5.8.1.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{1 + 2} b^{2} + c^{2} (- b c^{2}) + c^{2} (- a^{2} c) + c^{2} (c^{2} a)$

Step 5.8.1.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{3} b^{2} + c^{2} (- b c^{2}) + c^{2} (- a^{2} c) + c^{2} (c^{2} a)$

Step 5.8.2

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{3} b^{2} - c^{2} (b c^{2}) + c^{2} (- a^{2} c) + c^{2} (c^{2} a)$

Step 5.8.3

Rewrite using the commutative property of multiplication.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{3} b^{2} - c^{2} (b c^{2}) - c^{2} (a^{2} c) + c^{2} (c^{2} a)$

Step 5.8.4

Multiply $c^{2}$ by $c^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.8.4.1

Move $c^{2}$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{3} b^{2} - c^{2} (b c^{2}) - c^{2} (a^{2} c) + c^{2} c^{2} a$

Step 5.8.4.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{3} b^{2} - c^{2} (b c^{2}) - c^{2} (a^{2} c) + c^{2 + 2} a$

Step 5.8.4.3

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{3} b^{2} - c^{2} (b c^{2}) - c^{2} (a^{2} c) + c^{4} a$

Step 5.9

Simplify each term.

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Step 5.9.1

Multiply $c^{2}$ by $c^{2}$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.9.1.1

Move $c^{2}$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{3} b^{2} - (c^{2} c^{2}) b - c^{2} (a^{2} c) + c^{4} a$

Step 5.9.1.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{3} b^{2} - c^{2 + 2} b - c^{2} (a^{2} c) + c^{4} a$

Step 5.9.1.3

Add $2$ and $2$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{3} b^{2} - c^{4} b - c^{2} (a^{2} c) + c^{4} a$

Step 5.9.2

Multiply $c^{2}$ by $c$ by adding the exponents.

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Step 5.9.2.1

Move $c$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{3} b^{2} - c^{4} b - (c \cdot c^{2}) a^{2} + c^{4} a$

Step 5.9.2.2

Multiply $c$ by $c^{2}$ .

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Step 5.9.2.2.1

Raise $c$ to the power of $1$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{3} b^{2} - c^{4} b - (c^{1} c^{2}) a^{2} + c^{4} a$

Step 5.9.2.2.2

Use the power rule $a^{m} a^{n} = a^{m + n}$ to combine exponents.

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{3} b^{2} - c^{4} b - c^{1 + 2} a^{2} + c^{4} a$

Step 5.9.2.3

Add $1$ and $2$ .

$a^{3} c^{2} - a^{4} c - a^{3} b^{2} + a^{4} b - b^{3} c^{2} + b^{4} c + b^{3} a^{2} - b^{4} a + c^{3} b^{2} - c^{4} b - c^{3} a^{2} + c^{4} a$